A–Z of economic indicators

Using several pieces of information together rather than relying on a single number, event, or signal.

CPI measures the change in the price of a basket of goods and services bought by households, and it is the headline gauge of inflation. Core CPI strips out food and energy to show the underlying trend. Because central banks set interest rates to control inflation, a CPI surprise moves currencies quickly and is one of the highest-impact releases on the calendar.

A monthly survey measure of how euro area consumers expect inflation to develop, with the commonly followed headline covering the next 12 months.

The Consumer Price Index measures changes in the prices households pay for a basket of everyday goods and services.

New York Fed median one-year-ahead household inflation expectation, in percent.

Albania’s CPI inflation rate tracks changes in consumer prices using INSTAT’s Consumer Price Index. The release is watched for signals about purchasing power, monetary policy pressure and lek-denominated market expectations.

IPC-Fipe Inflation MoM tracks monthly consumer price changes in São Paulo and is used as a timely local inflation gauge for Brazil.

Angola Inflation Rate MoM is the monthly change in Angola’s national consumer price index, a short-term measure of household price inflation.

Angola’s CPI annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in consumer prices using the National Consumer Price Index.

Armenia’s year-over-year consumer inflation rate, based on the national Consumer Price Index.

Bahrain's Consumer Price Index measures changes in the prices paid by households for a basket of consumer goods and services. Its year-on-year change is commonly described as the inflation rate.

Bangladesh’s CPI inflation rate tracks changes in household consumer prices and is a key gauge of domestic price pressure.

Belarus CPI inflation year-over-year tracks the annual change in consumer prices paid by households and is a key gauge of domestic price pressure.

Botswana’s month-over-month inflation rate tracks the monthly change in consumer prices using the national Consumer Price Index.

Botswana’s CPI annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in consumer prices for goods and services purchased by households.

Brazil IGP-10 Inflation MoM tracks the monthly change in FGV IBRE's broad General Price Index - 10, combining producer, consumer and construction-cost prices.

Measures how prices are changing for commonly purchased food and non-food products in UK shops.

Bulgaria’s CPI inflation rate month-over-month measures the monthly change in household consumer prices and is the country’s national CPI-based measure of short-term inflation momentum.

Bulgaria’s year-over-year CPI inflation rate measures the annual change in consumer prices paid by households and is a key gauge of price pressure in the Bulgarian economy.

The year-on-year change in Cabo Verde's Consumer Price Index, measuring how consumer prices compare with the same month a year earlier.

Costa Rica’s annual headline consumer-inflation rate, based on the change in the Consumer Price Index from the same month a year earlier.

An early monthly estimate of changes in consumer prices in Croatia.

Croatia’s Consumer Price Index measures changes in the prices private households pay for goods and services. The year-on-year rate compares the latest month with the same month a year earlier.

Ecuador’s CPI annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in consumer prices paid by urban households, using the Consumer Price Index published by INEC.

Egypt’s year-over-year core inflation rate tracks the annual change in underlying consumer-price pressure after excluding selected volatile or regulated items from the headline CPI basket.

Egypt’s month-over-month inflation rate tracks the monthly change in the headline consumer price index published by CAPMAS.

Egypt's CPI annual inflation rate tracks the year-over-year change in headline consumer prices and is a key measure of household price pressure.

Ethiopia’s CPI inflation rate year-over-year measures the annual percentage change in consumer prices using the national Consumer Price Index.

Georgia Inflation Rate MoM tracks the monthly change in the consumer price index, showing short-term price momentum in the Georgian economy.

Georgia’s annual inflation rate measures the year-on-year change in consumer prices using the national consumer price index.

HICP annual inflation measures year-on-year consumer price changes using Europe’s comparable inflation index.

Iceland's Consumer Price Index measures monthly changes in the prices households pay for a representative basket of goods and services.

Iceland's annual inflation rate measures the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index from the same month a year earlier.

Indonesia’s year-over-year core inflation rate tracks the annual change in the core component of the consumer price index, offering a view of underlying price pressure beyond more volatile or administered items.

A monthly measure of how consumer prices in Kazakhstan changed compared with the previous month.

An annual measure of how consumer prices in Kazakhstan have changed from the same month a year earlier.

An annual measure of the change in Lebanon's Consumer Price Index.

Macau's Consumer Price Index measures changes in the prices households pay for goods and services. The year-on-year rate compares the Composite CPI with the same month one year earlier.

A monthly measure of the annual change in North Macedonia's headline Consumer Price Index.

The Mauritius Consumer Price Index tracks changes in the prices households pay for goods and services; its month-on-month change measures recent inflation momentum.

A monthly measure of the change in Mauritius consumer prices from the same month a year earlier.

An early fortnightly measure of annual consumer-price inflation in Mexico.

An early measure of changes in Mexican consumer prices over the first half of a month.

A monthly survey measure of the inflation rate U.S. households expect over the next year.

Moldova Inflation Rate MoM measures the monthly change in consumer prices using the Consumer Price Index.

Moldova's year-over-year inflation rate tracks the annual change in household consumer prices using the Consumer Price Index.

Mongolia's year-over-year inflation rate tracks the annual change in national consumer prices using the Consumer Price Index.

Pakistan's monthly CPI release measures changes in household consumer prices, including the month-on-month inflation rate.

Pakistan’s year-on-year CPI inflation rate compares the overall cost of a household consumption basket with its level in the same month one year earlier.

A year-on-year measure of changes in consumer prices in Paraguay.

Rwanda Inflation Rate MoM tracks the monthly change in the national Consumer Price Index and gives markets an early read on short-term price pressure in the Rwandan economy.

Rwanda’s CPI annual inflation rate shows how much the overall consumer price basket has changed from the same month a year earlier.

Annual change in the MAS core inflation measure (CPI excluding accommodation and private transport).

Tunisia's annual inflation rate shows the year-on-year change in the Consumer Price Index.

Ukraine’s month-over-month inflation rate shows the latest monthly change in the Consumer Price Index for goods and services bought by households.

Ukraine’s year-over-year inflation rate shows the annual change in consumer prices measured by the Consumer Price Index.

A year-on-year measure of changes in Uruguay's consumer prices, based on the Consumer Price Index.

Zambia’s Consumer Price Index tracks changes in the prices households pay for goods and services; the monthly inflation reading compares the index with the previous month.

An annual measure of changes in the prices Zambian households pay for goods and services.

A monthly measure of Albania’s consumer-price inflation compared with the same month a year earlier, based on the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices.

An alternative U.S. core-inflation measure that trims unusually large price changes from PCE price data.

Georgia's HICP annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in a harmonised consumer-price index designed for international comparability.

A fortnightly reading of underlying consumer-price inflation in Mexico.

A first-half-month measure of annual underlying consumer-price inflation in Mexico.

An auction of Sweden's inflation-linked government bond maturing in 2036.

A monthly survey measure of the inflation rate U.S. consumers expect over the next year.

A monthly survey measure of US consumers’ longer-run inflation expectations.

Public remarks by Federal Reserve governors can provide context on U.S. economic conditions and monetary-policy thinking.

An overview of Bosnia and Herzegovina's headline consumer inflation measure and its year-on-year reading.

A UK Debt Management Office sale of inflation-linked government debt maturing in 2049.

Dovish describes a central bank stance that leans towards looser policy: lower interest rates, continued stimulus, and greater concern for growth and employment than for inflation. Dovish language typically weakens the currency, since lower expected returns make it less attractive to hold, and it often supports equities and gold at the same time.

Hawkish describes a central bank stance that leans towards tighter policy: higher interest rates, reduced stimulus, and a strong focus on controlling inflation even at some cost to growth. Hawkish language in a statement, minutes or speech usually strengthens the currency, because higher expected rates make holding that currency more attractive to investors.

A U.S. Treasury auction of 30-year inflation-protected securities that offers a snapshot of demand for long-term real-rate exposure.

A speech by the Governor of the Bank of England that may provide insight into the UK's economic outlook and monetary-policy thinking.

A Bank of Japan Deputy Governor Ryozo Himino speech that may provide context on Japan's economy, inflation, and monetary-policy thinking.

The Bank of Japan's quarterly assessment and projections for Japan's economic activity and prices.

A monthly measure of changes in consumer prices paid by households in Brandenburg, Germany.

Canada CPI-median YoY is a Bank of Canada preferred core inflation measure showing the year-over-year change in the weighted median price movement within the CPI basket.

Canada's annual CPI change excluding eight volatile components and indirect-tax effects.

A U.S. measure of underlying consumer inflation based on personal consumption expenditures, excluding food and energy.

A quarterly measure of underlying US consumer-price inflation that excludes food and energy.

Canada CPI-common YoY is a core inflation measure that estimates the common, broad-based component of annual price growth across the Canadian CPI basket.

A regular European Central Bank publication explaining the economic and monetary analysis behind its policy decisions.

A public speech or appearance by Philip R. Lane of the European Central Bank, watched for signals about euro-area monetary policy and economic conditions.

A scheduled public communication by ECB Executive Board member Isabel Schnabel that markets may use to reassess the euro-area monetary-policy outlook.

A scheduled public appearance by ECB Vice-President Boris Vujčić that may offer clues about how a senior policymaker views the euro area economy and monetary policy.

This measures changes in the inflation-adjusted volume of sales by retail trade enterprises in Estonia. It shows whether households and other shoppers are buying more or fewer goods in real terms.

A measure of annual euro-area consumer-price inflation that excludes energy, food, alcohol and tobacco.

Headline annual consumer-price inflation across the euro area, released first as a Flash estimate and later as a Final reading.

Public remarks by Richmond Fed President Tom Barkin can give traders insight into one Federal Reserve policymaker's views on growth, inflation and interest rates.

A public address by Federal Reserve Governor Christopher J. Waller that may provide insight into his assessment of the economy, inflation, and monetary policy.

An auction of France's euro-area inflation-linked government bond maturing in 2031.

Annual change in France's national consumer price index (IPC), published by INSEE as a provisional estimate and then a final figure.

France's EU-comparable measure of consumer-price inflation.

France's EU-comparable measure of annual consumer-price inflation.

The change in inflation-adjusted gross domestic product from the previous quarter, expressed as the rate that would result if that quarterly pace continued for a full year.

GDP growth measures the inflation-adjusted change in an economy’s output over a quarter or year.

A monthly measure of German consumer-price inflation designed for comparison across the European Union.

Annual change in Germany's national consumer price index (VPI), published by Destatis as a flash estimate and then a final figure.

A monthly, EU-comparable measure of consumer-price inflation in Greece.

A monthly measure of changes in consumer prices in Hesse, expressed here against the previous month.

A scheduled release with a strong record of moving markets sharply — for example inflation, employment data or an interest-rate decision.

Monthly change in Ireland's national consumer price index, published by the CSO.

Annual change in Ireland's national consumer price index, published by the CSO.

Monthly change in Ireland's Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices, published by the CSO as a flash estimate and then a final figure.

Annual change in Ireland's Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices, published by the CSO as a flash estimate and then a final figure.

Italy's EU-harmonised measure of monthly and annual consumer-price inflation.

This is an auction of Italian government bonds whose principal is linked to euro-area inflation. It shows how much Italy raises from these inflation-protected bonds and at what market yield or price.

Annual change in Italy's national consumer price index (NIC), published by Istat as a preliminary estimate and then a final figure.

A measure of the annual change in prices received by Jordanian industrial producers.

Kazakhstan PPI YoY tracks the annual change in prices received by industrial producers and is used as an upstream inflation gauge.

12-month change in Norway's core inflation measure, CPI-ATE (adjusted for tax changes, excluding energy), published by Statistics Norway.

A monthly U.S. inflation measure based on the prices paid for personal consumption expenditures.

Portugal's headline monthly measure of changes in consumer prices.

Annual change in Portugal's national consumer price index (IPC), published by Statistics Portugal as a flash estimate and then a final figure.

PPI measures the change in prices that producers receive for their output, so it captures inflation earlier in the supply chain than CPI. Rising producer costs often feed through to consumer prices later, which is why traders treat PPI as a leading inflation signal. It moves markets less than CPI, but a large surprise still shifts interest-rate expectations.

Annual change in Saxony (Sachsen)'s state consumer price index, published by the Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.

A monthly measure of changes in consumer prices paid by households in Saxony, Germany.

A measure of Spain's annual underlying consumer inflation that excludes unprocessed food and energy products.

Annual change in Spain's national consumer price index (IPC), published by INE as an advance indicator and then a final figure.

Spain’s EU-comparable measure of consumer-price inflation.

CPIF is Sweden’s principal inflation measure for monetary-policy purposes. It tracks consumer prices while holding the direct effect of changing mortgage interest rates constant.

An early monthly gauge of annual consumer-price inflation in Tokyo’s wards.

The U.S. Export Price Index month-over-month change tracks monthly movements in prices for U.S. exports and helps traders assess traded-goods inflation pressure.

A broad measure of price changes for goods and services produced in the United States.

The U.S. Import Price Index MoM tracks the monthly change in prices paid for imports into the United States and is watched as an early signal of imported inflation pressure.

This refers to a UK government bond operation involving conventional gilts. Conventional gilts are nominal, fixed-income UK government bonds, unlike index-linked gilts whose cash flows are linked to inflation.

12-month change in UK consumer prices excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco, published by the ONS.

A yearly measure of US consumer-price inflation excluding food and energy.

A monthly measure of U.S. producer-price inflation excluding volatile components, used to assess pipeline inflation pressure.

A monthly measure of price changes received by US producers for their output.

A monthly gauge of New Zealand household sentiment and willingness to spend.

A quarterly measure of how Armenia's inflation-adjusted economic output changed from the same quarter a year earlier.

The scheduled decision in which Armenia's central bank sets its policy interest rates and explains the monetary-policy outlook.

A monthly measure of changes in prices received by Armenia’s industrial producers, with the YoY figure comparing a month with the same month a year earlier.

Quarterly change in prices for merchandise imports landed in Australia, used to assess imported inflation pressure.

A core inflation measure that removes unusually large price changes from Australia’s Consumer Price Index before calculating the average movement.

An underlying-inflation measure that identifies the weighted midpoint of monthly price changes across Australia’s CPI basket.

Weighted Median CPI is an underlying-inflation measure that focuses on the price change affecting the middle of the household expenditure basket after components are ranked and weighted.

U.S. Average Hourly Earnings YoY tracks annual growth in average hourly pay for private nonfarm payroll employees and is widely watched as a wage-inflation indicator.

Annual change in Baden-Württemberg's state consumer price index, published by the Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg.

A monthly measure of changes in consumer prices paid by households in Bavaria.

A monthly measure of annual consumer-price inflation in Bavaria, published as an early regional German inflation indicator.

The detailed minutes from Brazil’s Monetary Policy Committee, explaining the reasoning behind the Selic rate decision and the committee’s assessment of inflation and economic risks.

A weekly Banco Central do Brasil publication summarizing market expectations for Brazil’s inflation, activity, exchange rate and policy-rate outlook.

A monthly measure of changes in prices paid by Belgian households, with the MoM reading showing the change from the previous month.

Annual change in Belgium's national headline consumer price index, published by Statbel.

A public speech by Bank of Japan Policy Board member Hajime Takata that may provide context on Japan's economy, inflation, and monetary-policy thinking.

Brazil IPCA-15 is an early monthly reading of consumer price inflation in Brazil. It tracks how prices paid by households change during a mid-month collection window rather than the full calendar month.

A quarterly measure of the change in Bulgaria’s inflation-adjusted economic output from the previous quarter.

GDP measures the inflation-adjusted size and growth of an economy’s output. The year-on-year growth rate compares a quarter with the same quarter a year earlier.

Canada Average Hourly Wages YoY tracks annual wage growth for employees in the Labour Force Survey and helps traders assess labour-market tightness and inflation pressure.

Canada CPI-trim Year-over-Year is a Bank of Canada preferred core inflation measure that excludes the most extreme CPI component price changes and tracks the annual pace of underlying inflation.

A monthly measure of changes in Canadian builders' selling prices for comparable newly built homes.

A monthly, inflation-adjusted measure of output across Canadian industries.

A monthly composite indicator of broad U.S. economic activity and related inflation pressure.

This is the Central Bank of Chile’s decision on its main interest rate. The rate influences borrowing costs across the Chilean economy and is used to help keep inflation near the bank’s target.

A monthly U.S. measure of underlying consumer-price inflation based on personal consumption expenditures, excluding food and energy.

A U.S. measure of underlying consumer inflation that excludes food and energy prices.

A Bank of England business-survey measure of the UK CPI inflation rate firms expect one year ahead.

Public remarks by the President of the European Central Bank that may provide context on the euro-area economy and monetary policy.

A calendar entry for public remarks by ECB Executive Board member and chief economist Philip R. Lane.

A monthly euro-area inflation measure that removes tobacco prices from the consumer-price basket.

A measure of annual euro-area consumer-price inflation that excludes energy, food, alcohol and tobacco.

The all-items Euro Area HICP expressed in index points — the underlying price index from which euro-area inflation rates are calculated.

A quarterly ECB measure of the annual change in wages agreed through collective pay arrangements in the euro area.

A quarterly summary of Federal Reserve participants' outlooks for US growth, unemployment, inflation and the appropriate policy-rate path.

An auction of France’s euro-area inflation-linked government bond due in 2047.

France's monthly measure of changes in consumer prices.

A monthly measure of how consumer prices in Germany changed from the previous month.

An early estimate of annual consumer-price inflation in Germany using the EU-harmonised HICP measure.

A monthly measure of the annual change in prices paid by German businesses for imported goods.

Germany's Producer Price Index measures changes in prices received by industrial producers for products sold in the domestic market.

Germany Wholesale Prices MoM measures the monthly change in wholesale selling prices, giving traders an upstream view of inflation pressure before it reaches consumers.

Germany Wholesale Prices YoY tracks the annual change in wholesale selling prices and is used as a signal of pipeline inflation pressure in Europe’s largest economy.

A monthly measure of changes in consumer prices in Greece, commonly followed through its year-on-year inflation rate.

The Halifax House Price Index year-over-year change tracks annual changes in UK house prices using Halifax/Lloyds mortgage approvals data.

A monthly measure of annual consumer-price inflation in the German state of Hesse.

A monthly survey gauge showing whether U.S. manufacturers are broadly paying higher or lower input prices.

The Bank of Jamaica’s scheduled decision on its policy interest rate and monetary-policy stance.

Japan's commonly cited core inflation measure: the annual change in consumer prices excluding fresh food.

A quarterly measure of changes in prices received by Kosovo’s industrial producers.

Macau's monthly measure of changes in consumer prices paid by households.

An annual measure of changes in household consumer prices in Malawi.

A monthly U.S. household survey that tracks consumers’ views of their finances, the economy and buying conditions.

A monthly, lender-based measure of UK house-price change, with annual and monthly growth readings.

The New Zealand Labour Cost Index is a quarterly wage-inflation indicator from Stats NZ that tracks changes in salary and wage rates for a fixed quantity and quality of labour.

A monthly measure of changes in consumer prices in Germany's North Rhine-Westphalia state.

A monthly measure of changes in prices for selected goods in Pakistan’s primary wholesale markets.

An early monthly estimate of changes in Portuguese consumer prices.

A public address or discussion by RBA Deputy Governor Andrew Hauser that may provide context on Australia’s economy, financial conditions and monetary policy.

This event is a public speech by Michele Bullock, Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Traders follow it for clues about the RBA's view on inflation, growth, employment and interest rates.

Annual change in South Africa's core consumer price index, published by Stats SA.

A flash estimate of annual underlying consumer-price inflation in Spain, excluding unprocessed food and energy products.

A quarterly measure of how Spain's inflation-adjusted economic output changed from the preceding quarter.

A quarterly measure of how Spain's inflation-adjusted economic output compares with the same quarter a year earlier.

U.S. Treasury 10-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities auction — high real yield

The U.S. Consumer Price Index tracks changes in prices paid by urban consumers and is a major gauge of U.S. inflation pressure.

The Consumer Price Index is a monthly measure of changes in the prices consumers pay for a broad basket of goods and services.

A US inflation measure that excludes food and energy prices from the Consumer Price Index.

A monthly measure of underlying US consumer-price inflation that excludes food and energy.

A monthly measure of underlying US consumer-price inflation that excludes food and energy.

A year-over-year measure of underlying US producer-price inflation after selected volatile components are excluded.

A revised quarterly reading of inflation-adjusted US economic output, published after more complete source data become available.

A monthly measure of changes in prices received by US producers for their output.

An annual underlying-inflation measure derived from Australia’s Consumer Price Index by excluding the most extreme component price movements.

A monthly measure of changes in consumer prices in Baden-Württemberg, often watched as an early regional signal for German inflation.

A monthly measure of how consumer prices in Brandenburg have changed compared with the same month a year earlier.

A monthly meeting of Brazil’s National Monetary Council, which sets broad monetary, credit and financial-system policy guidelines.

A monthly measure of how prices paid by households in Cabo Verde have changed since the previous month.

Costa Rica's main monthly measure of changes in household consumer prices.

Public remarks by the President of Germany’s central bank can provide context on inflation, the economy and euro-area monetary policy.

A monthly measure of euro-area underlying consumer-price inflation, excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco.

A monthly measure of euro-area consumer-price changes excluding energy and food components.

Finland's headline measure of the annual change in prices paid by households for a representative basket of consumer goods and services.

A scheduled speech or public appearance by the Vice-President of the Deutsche Bundesbank, Germany's central bank. Traders monitor these appearances for comments that may provide insight into inflation, interest rates, economic conditions, monetary policy or financial stability.

A monthly measure of annual changes in prices received by industrial producers in Greece.

A monthly measure of changes in prices paid by households in Italy.

A monthly measure of annual consumer-price changes for Italian blue- and white-collar households, excluding tobacco products.

A monthly measure of price changes received by Italian industrial producers for goods sold at the factory gate.

A monthly measure of changes in prices received by Italian industrial producers, commonly followed as an indicator of pipeline inflation.

Japan’s headline consumer-inflation measure, showing how prices for a representative household basket have changed from a year earlier.

A measure of annual Japanese consumer-price inflation that removes fresh food and energy to focus on underlying price pressures.

This event reports the National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia's decision on its key monetary policy rate. The decision affects borrowing conditions in Macedonian denar markets and signals the central bank's view on inflation and financial stability.

A monthly measure of consumer-price inflation in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

A monthly measure of changes in prices received by Romanian industrial producers, with the YoY rate comparing prices with the same month a year earlier.

The Seychelles Consumer Price Index tracks changes in the prices households pay for a basket of goods and services. Its year-on-year rate is a widely used measure of annual consumer inflation.

An early estimate of the monthly change in prices paid by households in Spain.

A monthly measure of how Tunisia's consumer-price index changed from the previous month.

The completed monthly University of Michigan survey reading on how US consumers assess their finances and the economy.

CPIF is Sweden's consumer-price measure that holds the direct effect of mortgage-interest-rate changes constant.

Spain’s EU-comparable consumer-inflation measure, reported here as a preliminary year-on-year rate.